[ PAPER ] · 2025 · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
The futures of climate modeling
S. Bordoni, S. M. Kang, T. A. Shaw, I. Simpson, L. Zanna
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[ ABSTRACT ]
We re fl ecton the current state of climate modeling and the future divergent paths that have been proposed for a step change that leverages different tools. We review the history of successful Earth system predictions across timescales, highlighting how multiple tools and steps were involved. We argue that the past is prologue for climate modeling and that embracing a variety of tools and methodologies is key to achieving convergent paths for meaningful progress